The Criminal Justice System

Task 1 The Criminal Justice System April 26, 2010 According to the American Heritage Dictionary, the criminal equity framework is a â€Å"system of law implementation, the bar, the legal executive, amendments, and probation that is legitimately engaged with the worry, arraignment, protection, condemning, detainment, and oversight of those associated with or accused of a criminal offense† (Mifflin, 2007). The criminal equity framework expects to decrease wrongdoing by carrying more offenses to equity and rise open certainty that the framework is reasonable and will convey for the law of standing residents. The criminal equity framework comprises of three zones (1) law authorization (police), (2) settling (courts), and (3) rectification (prison, jails, probation, and parole). These offices work together in the criminal equity framework under the standard of law and as the chief methods for keeping up the standard of law inside society. Be that as it may, in the three zones, the police understand violations and make captures, the court sentences the guilty party and the adjustment framework do the discipline and restore the wrongdoers. The criminal equity framework essential objectives are equity for singular, individual freedom, pride of people, and the option to fair treatment. Equity for the individual necessitates that all ought to have what has a place with them, thus the simply man will render to the general public, or State, of which he is a part, what is because of it. Individual freedom implies opportunity from unlawful physical limitation or mischief and opportunity from subjective impedance with one’s protection and legal possessions. Then again, human pride is a statement of good idea that individuals ought not be treated as articles. One ramifications of human poise is that each individual ought to be recognized as a significant individual from the human network and as a one of a kind articulation of life. To wrap things up, fair treatment is the rule that the legislature should regularly regard the entirety of a person’s lawful rights rather than simply a few or the vast majority of those legitimate rights when the administration denies an individual of life, freedom, or property. The fair treatment provision in the Fourteenth Amendment ensures against condition of neighborhood government maltreatment of intensity. Taking everything into account, a criminal equity framework that is straightforward, reasonable and compelling is one of America's most significant foundations. All well behaved residents are administer by fair treatment as indicated by the criminal equity framework. Subsequently, it is significant for all residents to adhere to the law as indicated by the police sculptures, the court sculptures, and the remedy frameworks sculptures in light of the fact that there is consistently improvement in this field. References American Heritage Dictionary A History of American Criminal Justice, http://www. en. wikipedia. organization

Effects of Bottled Water free essay sample

Did you realize that 67 million containers of water are discarded every day?! What's more, 40% of filtered water is really packaged faucet water. Filtered water is a piece of our lives we use it regular, all over and constantly, yet it has a great deal of consequences for our lives for the most part negative impacts caused from the synthetic substances the contain is produced using and different impacts from human abuse to it. Filtered water influences colossally negative the earth. It has such terrible impacts on the earth, for example, being squandered by everyone, a few brands are costly, unrecyclable which hurts nature. Filtered water is one of the most well-known squanders. Nobody minds in the wake of drinking his jug of water to toss it in the reuse container or even in the trash; they simply toss it on the floor without thinking somewhat about who is going to gather it or how it’s going to be reused. We will compose a custom paper test on Impacts of Bottled Water or on the other hand any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Gathering the jugs from the boulevards takes a great deal of labor as well as sets aside effort to gather the entirety of the tossed bottles from all over. The expense of the vehicles that gather the containers is additionally high as the vehicles require extraordinary mechanical instrument to gather that much jugs and send it back to the processing plants to reuse it. Pressing, transportation, and promoting of filtered water are excessively costly. To begin with, the cost of the filtered water fluctuates concurring on its size and brand; a few brands may cost more than other brand due to the spot the water was taken from, the water could’ve been taken from an extremely high mountain which costs a great deal of cash, so this brand could be marginally costly. The huge filtered water cost more cash to purchase and more cash to fabricate as it requires progressively plastic and synthetic compounds to create yet ahead of time it contaminates more and cause increasingly squander. Second, dispatching a huge number of filtered water to each market, staple, or a little shop sets aside a lot of cash and effort to convey every one of these jugs. Third, the notice of every one of these organizations contending with one another to persuade the individuals that their filtered water is the most secure and cleanest for them is extravagant as they continue paying for an excessive number of ads in the TV and banners everywhere throughout the nation so individuals would incline toward purchasing their image over different brands. Not the entirety of the filtered water can be reused, yet just scarcely any jugs can be reused. Most organizations make the unrecyclable containers since it costs less cash to deliver and they make more benefit when they make the unrecyclable jugs yet they influence the earth adversely on the grounds that these jugs will be discarded and will continue expanding and left unrecycled. The plastic filtered water that remaining parts is undegradable. It causes a great deal of contamination, squander, and synthetically influencing the earth since plastic is one of the squanders that it can’t dispose of. Taking everything into account, filtered water effectsly affects us which ought to be dealt with. Squandering the filtered water and purchasing unrecyclable jugs will cause a great deal of negative impacts. Reference: http://www. allaboutwater. organization/condition. html http://www. mnn. com/food/good dieting/stories/5-reasons-not-to-drink-filtered water http://greenliving. nationalgeographic. com/water-bottle-contamination 2947. html

CPW The Story So Far

CPW The Story So Far Come one, come all to CPW! I dont know about you guys, but the energy on campus right now is absolutely amazing. The Infinite Coordidor is packed with hosts and pre-frosh running to class and with families taking campus tours, the sun is shining beautifully, the steps of the Student Center are thronging with people and I know thing are only going to get even better from here. Really, words fail me. I almost feel like a pre-frosh again. (Almost.) Personally, today has already been even slightly more crazy than usual. After my bioengineering seminar, I ran over to the Student Center to pick up my very own pre-frosh, an awesome guy from Brooklyn named Abi (if youre reading this, hi Abi!). After a quick stop at Annas and bumping into Shamarah 12 in the Infinite Corridor, we arrived at my recitation for 5.12 (organic chemistry), where I spent an hour unraveling the mysteries of Sn2 reactions and E1/E2 elimination. We followed that up with another recitation, this time for 18.03 (differential equations), where the ever-effervescent Jeremy explained convolution and why it matters. Abi then ran off to the Whitehead Institute to take a tour of the Weinberg Lab. To be honest, Im actually incredibly jealous (who would have thought I could be envious of a pre-frosh?), because Dr. Weinberg who was my professor for 7.012 last fall is a brilliant researcher, and I imagine his lab has to be pretty cool as well. Now Im headed to my last class of a day, an hour-and-a-half lecture/discussion about humanistic perspectives in medicine. So far, this class (which fulfills part of my humanities requirement) has covered everything from the Hippocratic Oath to black-market organ harvesting yes, its very intense ;) and today well be discussing Sinclair Lewis Great American Novel, Arrowsmith. (Who says MIT kids arent cultured?) At 4:30, Im heading over to the northeast side of campus for a not-so-secret meeting with several familiar faces sorry to keep you in suspense, but youll definitely hear (and see?) more about the fruits of our meeting later. At 5:00 Im due to meet Abi again at the Student Center well probably head over to Simmons (my dorm), get him settled in my room, and figure out some sort of plan for dinner. After that, Ill be helping set up for the CPW Festival (which you should all come to, by the way: the fun starts at 9:30 in the Johnson Athletics Center) before hopping across the river to meet up with some other pre-frosh friends at Skullhouses Monster Party. And from there, who knows what will happen? Oh, CPW

Inca Road System - 25,000 Miles Connecting an Empire

The Inca Road (called Capaq Ñan or Qhapaq Ñan in the Inca language Quechua and Gran Ruta Inca in Spanish) was an essential part of the success of the Inca Empire. The road system included an astounding 25,000 miles of roads, bridges, tunnels, and causeways. Key Takeaways: The Inca Road The Inca Road includes 25,000 miles of roads, bridges, tunnels, and causeways, a straight line distance of 2,000 miles from Ecuador to ChileConstruction followed existing ancient roadways; Incas began improving it as part of its imperial movements by the mid-15th centuryWay stations were established at every 10–12 miles  Use was restricted to elites and their messengers, but commoners maintained, cleaned and repaired and set up businesses to cater to the travelersLikely nonelite access by miners and others Road construction began in the mid-fifteenth century when the Inca gained control over its neighbors and started expanding their empire. The construction exploited and expanded on existing ancient roadways, and it ended abruptly 125 years later when the Spanish arrived in Peru. In contrast, the Roman Empires road system, also built on existing roadways, included twice as many miles of road, but it took them 600 years to build. Four Roads from Cuzco The Inca road system runs the entire length of Peru and beyond, from Ecuador to Chile and northern Argentina, a straight-line distance of some 2,000 mi (3,200 km). The heart of the road system is at Cuzco, the political heart and capital of the Inca Empire. All the main roads radiated out from Cuzco, each named for and pointed in the cardinal directions away from Cuzco. Chinchaysuyu, headed to the north and ending in Quito, EcuadorCuntisuyu, to the west and to the Pacific coastCollasuyu, led southward, ending in Chile and northern ArgentinaAntisuyu, eastward to the western edge of the Amazon jungle According to historical records, the Chinchaysuyu road from Cuzco to Quito was the most important of these four, keeping the rulers of the empire in close touch with their lands and subject people in the north. Inca Road Construction Original Inca built canal and street in city of Ollantaytambo, Peru. Jeremy Horner / Corbis NX / Getty Images Plus Since wheeled vehicles were unknown to the Inca, the surfaces of the Inca Road were intended for foot traffic, accompanied by llamas or alpacas as pack animals. Some of the roadways were paved with stone cobbles, but many others were natural dirt pathways between 3.5–15 ft (1–4 meters) in width. The roads were primarily built along straight lines, with only a rare deflection by no more than 20 degrees within a 3 mi (5 km) stretch. In the highlands, the roads were constructed to avoid major curves. To traverse the mountainous regions, the Inca built long stairways and switchbacks; for lowland roads through marshes and wetlands they built causeways; crossing rivers and streams required bridges and culverts, and desert stretches included the making of oases and wells by low walls or cairns. Practical Concerns The roads were primarily built for practicality, and they were intended to move people, goods, and armies quickly and safely across the length and breadth of the empire. The Inca almost always kept the road below an altitude of 16,400 feet (5,000 meters), and where at all possible they followed flat inter-mountain valleys and across plateaus. The roads skirted much of the inhospitable South American desert coast, running instead  inland along the Andean foothills where sources of water could be found. Marshy areas were avoided where possible. Architectural innovations along the trail where difficulties could not be avoided included drainage systems of gutters and culverts, switchbacks, bridge spans, and in many places low walls built to bracket the road and protect it from erosion. In some places,  tunnels and retaining walls were built to allow safe navigation. The Atacama Desert Inca Road through the Atacama Desert. San Pedro de Atacama, Antofagasta Region, Chile (Lagunas Miscanti and Mià ±iques). Jimfeng / iStock / Getty Images Plus Precolumbian travel across Chiles Atacama desert could not be avoided, however. In the 16th century, the Contact-period Spanish historian Gonzalo Fernandez de Oviedo crossed the desert using the Inca Road. He describes having to break his people into small groups to share and carry food and water supplies. He also sent horsemen ahead to identify the location of the next available water source. Chilean archaeologist Luis Briones has argued that the famed Atacama geoglyphs carved into the desert pavement and on the Andean foothills were markers indicating where water sources, salt flats, and animal fodder could be found. Lodging Along the Inca Road According to 16th-century historical writers such as Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, people walked the Inca Road at the rate of about ~12-14 mi (20–22 km) a day. Accordingly, placed along the road at every 12–14 miles are tambos or tampu, small building clusters or villages which acted as rest stops. These way stations provided lodging, food, and supplies for travelers, as well as opportunities for trading with local businesses. Several small facilities were kept as storage spaces to support tampu, of many different sizes. Royal officials called tocricoc were in charge of the cleanliness and maintenance of the roads; but a constant presence that could not be stamped out were pomaranra, road thieves or bandits. Carrying the Mail Steps cut into the native mountainside for the Inca Road leading to Machu Picchu. Geraint Rowland Photography / Moment / Getty Images A postal system was an essential part of the Inca Road, with relay runners called chasqui stationed along the road at .8 mi (1.4 km) intervals. Information was taken along the road either verbally or stored in the Inca writing systems of knotted strings called quipu. In special circumstances, exotic goods could be carried by the chasqui: it was reported that the ruler Topa Inca (ruled 1471–1493) could dine in Cuzco on two-day-old fish brought in from the coast, a travel rate of about 150 mi (240 km) each day. American packaging researcher Zachary Frenzel (2017) studied methods used by Incan travelers as illustrated by Spanish chroniclers. People on the trails used rope bundles, cloth sacks, or large clay pots known as aribalos to carry goods. The aribalos were likely used for the movement of chicha beer, a maize-based mildly alcoholic beverage that was an important element of elite Inca rituals. Frenzel found that traffic continued on the road after the Spanish arrived in the same manner, except for the addition of wooden trunks and leather bota bags for carrying liquids. Non-State Uses Chilean archaeologist Francisco Garrido (2016, 2017) has argued that the Inca Road also served as a traffic route for bottom-up entrepreneurs. The Inca-Spanish historian Garcilaso de la Vega stated unequivocally that commoners were not permitted to use the roads unless they had been sent to run errands by the Inca rulers or their local chiefs. However, was that ever a practical reality of policing 40,000 km? Garrido surveyed a portion of the Inca Road itself and other nearby archaeological sites in the Atacama desert in Chile and found that the roads were used by the miners to circulate mining and other craft products on the road and to funnel off-road traffic to and from the local mining camps. Interestingly, a group of economists led by Christian Volpe (2017) studied the effects of modern expansions on the Inca road system, and suggest that in modern times, improvements in transport infrastructure have had a significant positive impact on various companies exports and job growth. Selected Sources Hiking the section of the Inca Road leading to Machu Picchu is a popular tourist experience. Contreras, Daniel A. How Far to Conchucos? A Gis Approach to Assessing the Implications of Exotic Materials at Chavà ­n De Huà ¡ntar. World Archaeology 43.3 (2011): 380–97. Print.Garrido Escobar, Franciso Javier. Mining and the Inca Road in the Prehistoric Atacama Desert, Chile. University of Pittsburgh, 2015. Print.Garrido, Francisco. Rethinking Imperial Infrastructure: A Bottom-up Perspective on the Inca Road. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 43 (2016): 94–109. Print.Garrido, Francisco, and Diego Salazar. Imperial Expansion and Local Agency: A Case Study of Labor Organization under Inca Rule. American Anthropologist 119.4 (2017): 631–44. Print.Marsh, Erik J., et al. Dating the Expansion of the Inca Empire: Bayesian Models from Ecuador and Argentina. Radiocarbon 59.1 (2017): 117–40. Print.Wilkinson, Darryl. Infrastructure and Inequality: An Archaeology of the Inka Road through the Amaybamba Cloud Forests. Journal of Social Archaeology 19.1 (2019): 27–46. Print.

My Professors Method Of Writing - 1224 Words

I was ready to learn my professor’s method of writing, to lap up each rule or ‘best-practice’ suggestion, pen in hand, mind alert. As soon as he began to write on the blackboard, I scribbled away, making sure I didn’t miss anything. Though his suggestions mirrored what I had learned about essay writing before, I made sure to write out his three point plan model, introduction and conclusion, familiarly logical sequences. ‘This is what you’ve always been taught’, said Professor Allister, ‘but in this class, forget what you’ve learned’, just as he marked a great X across the words I had been hurriedly copying down. The professor had begun pulling down the boundaries to creativity my previous education had built. The classroom was alive with†¦show more content†¦Olaf was intimidating, not knowing what the grading standards would be or how my professor would critique me. The essay question seemed simple at first, broad and open to interpretation, but writing about personal experiences of the local gave a new challenge, I had to find a way of portraying my own opinions and experiences instead of using facts and theories I had learned in a lesson. Encouraging creativity, I was required to go beyond regurgitating facts, but draw from memories of my own life and think of explicit ways to link them to the purpose of my essay. Of all the lessons Mark Allister gave, ‘Just write’, has had the biggest impact in shaping my approach. Letting words flow from my mind without critiquing has been a challenge, learning not to stem my creativity by considering punctuation and grammar too early in the process, preventing myself from checking each sentence, even when I knew that what I had written wasn’t grammatically correct. As I practiced, I was able to quiet the critiquing voice and listen to the ideas float, coming together messily at first but eventually developing links and fluidity. As I’ve grown as a writer over the semester, I have proven to myself that making time to redraft is critical to the quality of my work. Attempting to finish a paper in a day will never result in work that has the same polish and clarity as a paper that has received continual work, peer reviewing, rethinking and rearranging structure, and

Tips on Saving a Dollar Free Essays

Along with high gas prices, groceries are going up too. Delivery costs and fuel prices forces companies to charge higher prices to the consumer to cover costs. Utility bills are another issue. We will write a custom essay sample on Tips on Saving a Dollar or any similar topic only for you Order Now Utility companies increase rates and mostly in the summer and winter months when power is being used most. Saving money can always help, and these tips will teach a person the right way. Everyday gas prices seem to get higher and higher. Americans complain about these prices. Many tips on conserving fuel and saving money while doing It are everywhere. Just by filling up the gas tank on a Wednesday night or early Thursday none can save up to five dollars a week. Most station owners change their prices In anticipation of the weekend traffic. A simple but often overlooked tip is to keep the tires properly inflated and aligned. Driving slower and smarter can save up to twenty five cents a gallon. For every five miles per hour that some drives over sixty miles per hour it costs an additional twenty-four cents a mile, so driving seventy miles per an hour will cast fifty more cents a gallon. Saving on groceries can help consumers more than they think. The coupling craze has swept the nation. Thousands of consumers are now using coupons. Serious coupon users can save hundreds in Just one visit. People who buy in bulk often save money because larger Items tend to have smaller unit prices over smaller sized products. Buying the generic brand, which Is usually twice the size of name brand and tastes Just as good can cut grocery bills In half. Try to avoid buying pre made lunches or food items will cost more than buying the ingredients to make the product ourselves. Utility company’s rates keep climbing each year. Just turning a light out when walking out of the room can drop that utility bill drastically. Insuring that the house is strongly insulated in the attic and walls a will save a quarter of the bill. Control air conditioning at a happy medium; do not change the temperature more than twice a week, can save up to fifty dollars a month. Consumers can install low-f low shower heads to save on water usage. Most Americans need to change from incandescent eight bulbs to fluorescent light bulbs which last longer and use less power. Americans can save money to make the purchases they really want. Following these tips can save thousands each year. Saving on gas each year can keep $3,300 In your pocket. Avoid buying name brand foods; these name brands companies often manufacture the store brand at a cheaper price and can possibly save $1 , 100 a year. Can save up to $500 a year. Now that is an average saving of $4,900 a year, a well needed vacation is due after saving that much money! How to cite Tips on Saving a Dollar, Papers

My Jedi Powers free essay sample

The quality I find most impressive about myself is my mindfulness. Mindfulness is awareness of ones senses, thoughts, and any other brain activity. Mindfulness can be improved through practices such as Yoga, Tai Chi, and meditation. These activities are all becoming more and more prevalent in America, and with research into brain activity growing every day some say we are starting to truly adopt the concept, but mindfulness is still not an ordinary attribute to find in a Westerner. Regardless, I find myself more mindful and mentally pliable than most everyone I know, which in turn gives me more control over my emotions, thoughts, and ultimately the world around me. Im basically a Jedi. My drive to control my mind began when my dad died plunging me into a deep depression and lethargy, which lasted several months. I decided to attend a Tai Chi class after reading an article claiming that cultivating Chi could give a person more energy. We will write a custom essay sample on My Jedi Powers or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three weeks into the class, I first felt a tingling in my fingertips, and from then on out I was hooked on Chi. I sought other similar classes and began a regular meditation practice that I continue to this day. At first I thought the effects of my practices were strictly physical (more energy, more chi, greater flexibility), but soon I found myself growing calmer and able to handle greater stress with little trouble. I began reading more about the Eastern arts, and found that all these things are connected through mindfulness. I learned that all these practices I had found were all centered around the theme of paying attention to ones thoughts and actions. For example, when in yoga, one puts their whole focus into their body, in order to stretch or balance further. Similarly, when meditating one puts their focus on a thought in order to maintain it longer. Now, two years later, I am able to sit in silent meditation for an hour and not a single thought will arise If I deem it so. When one practices mindfulness, they learn to focus their thoughts onto whatever they choose, whether it be silence, homework, a relationship, or creating solutions to complex problems. Regardless of what I put my mind to, I am able to focus with incredible potency, and Ive only been practicing for two years. My next objective is choosing the correct things to focus on. If I can master that, I will become truly limitless- Jedi style.

USING GRANTS FOR OTHERS AS WELL AS SELF

USING GRANTS FOR OTHERS AS WELL AS SELF A significant part of my income over the years came from grants, either ones I’ve written or projects I’ve been a part of. I’ve learned a few things about writing them, what grant committees look for and how to search out appropriate grants. I’ve also had proposals rejected. The competition, especially for grants in the creative arts, can be stiff, and sometimes there isn’t enough money to fund every project. The first major grant I won was a California artist-in-residency grant. For three years, it provided enough income for me to teach creative writing in a continuation school while allowing time for my own writing. I also wrote a Healthy Start grant for the school. It was accepted and they received $100,000 to set up an onsite nursery and offer healthy living classes for teen parents, a gratifying experience to see under-privileged students receive help to finish high school. I also spent seven years going into California state prisons teaching poetry and creative writing to inmates as part of the William James arts-in-corrections project. They were some of the best students I’ve ever worked with. I’ve written grants for organizations and arts groups, which have supported workshops and readings. A number of smaller grants allowed me time for writing that I might not have otherwise been able to. This past year, I received what, for me, was the creme de la creme. In March, 2011, I was awarded a Fulbright for a writing project, â€Å"The Language of Place† and spent six months in northeastern India on a creative writing project about environment. As part of it, I began a blog, Cloud and Mountain, which I have continued to maintain since returning to the U.S. The most important step of preparing a proposal is to study the organization and successful grants. Ask a granting agency to send you copies of grant proposals they’ve funded. Some make samples available online. This gives you a chance to see what types of projects have succeeded, but more importantly, you get an idea of the tone and language preferred. Some other tips: Keep your proposal within the stated limits. If it says proposals should be three to five pages, don’t send in two pages, don’t send in six. Keep your objective narrow and realistic. People who read proposals have a keen eye for projects that promise too much. Make your language positive. Focus on what you can do and show how your past experience will help you achieve your objectives with this grant. Do a very careful proofreading! Spelling or grammatical errors are a sure way to get your grant rejected. Even if you have a dynamite proposal, if the writing is sloppy it suggests you don’t care enough about it to bother with basic mechanics. An equally important step is to state how your project can benefit others. The Fulbright is a diplomacy program, so they seek projects that will contribute to a cross-cultural exchange with a host country. However, all grants will likely have a service component. Don’t just think about what you want to get out of your project, but what is its place in the bigger world? Will you be offering something that goes beyond yourself? In fact, this is not a bad philosophy for life! Here are few links that might be helpful: Getting a Fulbright Scholarship in Creative Writing Funds for Writers National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Arts Writers:The Warhol Foundation Arts Writers Grant Foundation Fulbright International Exchange of Scholars Grant Seekers Cafe:a blog with a lot of good information on applying for grants Grant Seekers Guide: This site from Penn State Extension has some good articles on applying for grants and information for both Pennsylvania and nation-wide funding sources

How to Write an Interesting Biography

How to Write an Interesting Biography A biography is a written account of the series of events that make up a persons life. Some of those events are going to be pretty boring, so youll need to try to make your account as interesting as possible! Every student will write a biography at some point, but the level of detail and sophistication will differ. A fourth grade biography will be much different from a middle school-level biography or a high school or college-level biography. However, each biography will include the basic details. The first information you should gather in your research will include biographical details and facts. You must use a trustworthy resource to ensure that your information is accurate. Using research note cards, collect the following data, carefully recording the source for each piece of information: Including Basic Details Date and place of birth and deathFamily informationLifetime accomplishmentsMajor events of lifeEffects/impact on society, historical significance While this information is necessary to your project, these dry facts, on their own, dont really make a very good biography. Once youve found these basics, youll want to dig a little deeper. You choose a certain person because you think he or she is interesting, so you certainly dont want to burden your paper with an inventory of boring facts. Your goal is to impress your reader! Start off with great first sentence. Its a good idea to begin with a really interesting statement, a little-known fact, or really intriguing event. You should avoid starting out with a standard but boring line like: Meriwether Lewis was born in Virginia in 1774. Instead, try starting with something like this: Late one afternoon in October, 1809, Meriwether Lewis arrived at a small log cabin nestled deep in the Tennessee Mountains. By sunrise on the following day, he was dead, having suffered gunshot wounds to the head and chest. Youll have to make sure your beginning is motivating, but it should also be relevant. The next sentence or two should lead into your thesis statement, or main message of your biography. It was a tragic end to a life that had so deeply affected the course of history in the United States. Meriwether Lewis, a driven and often tormented soul, led an expedition of discovery that expanded a young nations economic potential, increased its scientific understanding, and enhanced its worldwide reputation. Now that youve created an impressive beginning, youll want to continue the flow. Find more intriguing details about the man and his work, and weave them into the composition. Examples of Interesting Details: Some people believed that Lewis and Clark would encounter elephants in the western wilderness, having misunderstood the wooly mammoth bones discovered in the United States.The expedition resulted in the discovery and description of 122 new animal species and subspecies.Lewis was a hypochondriac.His death is still an unsolved mystery, although it was ruled a suicide. You can find interesting facts by consulting diverse sources. Fill the body of your biography with material that gives insight into your subjects personality. For instance, in a biography about Meriwether Lewis, you would ask what traits or events motivated him to embark on such a monumental exercise. Questions to Consider in Your Biography: Was there something in your subjects childhood that shaped his/her personality?Was there a personality trait that drove him/her to succeed or impeded his progress?What adjectives would you use to describe him/her?What were some turning points in this life?What was his/her impact on history? Be sure to use transitional phrases and words to link your paragraphs and make your composition paragraphs flow. It is normal for good writers to re-arrange their sentences to create a better paper. The final paragraph will summarize your main points and re-assert your main claim about your subject. It should point out your main points, re-name the person youre writing about, but it should not repeat specific examples. As always, proofread your paper and check for errors. Create a bibliography and title page according to your teachers instructions. Consult a style guide for proper documentation.

The Role and Development of Mathematics in Western Technology Essay

The Role and Development of Mathematics in Western Technology - Essay Example The current paper, basing on the James Burke’s views (Burke, â€Å"The Day the Universe Changed†), examines the influence of mathematical inventions, particularly perspective geometry, on the development of the society during the Renaissance. Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine scholar, was invited to present the Greek culture to the Florentines start the course of Greek in the local university in the end of the 14th century (Burke 67). Money ran Florence during that time. The place was full of commercials of different kind: accountants, merchants, bureaucrats. However, there was no aristocracy in Florence. Everyone who had power or position in the town had bought it out of his profits. Florence was dynamic republican â€Å"capitalist† company town. The same year Chrysoloras arrived, the Medici had started an international bank to lend the Florentine cash with double interest rate. They had branches all over Europe. They were successful in this activity due to their se cret weapon â€Å"double-entry bookkeeping† (Burke 61). There was no place the money could not get the possessor, but up. The problem was that there was no â€Å"up†. James Burke had in mind the material luxury, â€Å"the touch of class† that, first of all, had to be manifested in town’s architecture and dà ©cor.... Reading the Latin pre-Christian texts of poetry, rhetoric, history, and civics the Florentines began to understand that humans could live in human way without heavenly help. Hence originates the desire of the 15th century Florentines to imitate Latin style, particularly Roman remarkable architectural solutions to make their home look as fine as ancient Rome. However, they could not do all that architectural constructions like ancient triumph arches, giant columns, and domed ceilings. The abilities of the post-medieval mathematics and geometry were limited to estimate the architectural solutions. There was a sharp need in some mathematical innovations (Burke, â€Å"The Day the Universe Changed†). Before we discuss the invention of perspective geometry in the Western world, Arabic scholar Alhazen has to be mentioned. In the end of the 10th century, he was the first to explain accurately the process of visual perception and showed that the eye perceives the light reflected from t he object. Alhazen developed a complete theory of vision that was called â€Å"perspective† in the Middle Ages (Struik 72). Though, he did not use his ideas in practice, his theory received a wide recognition in Europe, where his ideas rocked the Renaissance scholars. The first precise formulation of the law of the perspective geometry is attributed to Brunelleschi. Nearly 1424, he realized that on the flatness all parallel lines strive to a single vanishing point. This mathematical principle was inspired by Paolo Toscanelli who had scrupulously studied the Alhazen works and gridded Ptolemy’s Atlas. In this respect, using an arsenal of mathematical theories to build a proper perspective, he painted on wooden panel St. John’s baptistery of Florence. To emphasize the accuracy of his

Global Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Global Economics - Essay Example This paper talks about two big concepts of the global economics which are Inflation and Economy of Scales. There are various reasons which may lead to increase in costs. The first reason includes the rising costs of imported raw materials possibly caused by inflation in nations that heavily rely on exports of these products. Also, a fall in value of a country’s currency in the foreign exchange markets increases the price of imported inputs of that country. The second is the rising costs of labor; this is caused by an increase in wages which exceed and enhancement in productivity. Labor intensive firms are largely affected by this cause. Firms may not be able to absorb higher wage expenditures; thus, they pass the costs to customers. As a result, the wage inflation increases the price inflation. Thirdly, the imposition of higher indirect taxes by the government. An example is the increase in the excise duty rate, VAT, standard rate or fuel duties. These taxes are charged on manufacturers who, depending on the supply for their commodities and price elasticity of demand, may decide to pass on the tax burden onto consumers. In marketing economies of scale, a bigger firm may spread its marketing and advertising budget over a great output. It may also buy its raw materials in bulk at discounted prices. In financial economies of scale, financial markets frequently consider bigger firms to be more creditworthy than smaller firms. This enables these firms to access credit facilities at favorable rates.

Sociological Theories on Crime and Deviance

Sociological Theories on Crime and Deviance Sociologists investigate the effects of society on criminal and deviant behaviour and seek to understand individuals and their situations. They do this by gathering and utilizing information on age, gender, social class, race and ethnicity. Crime is specifically associated with behaviors that break the formal written laws of any given society; for example, British law states that seatbelts must be worn whilst driving a car. Deviance describes behaviors which infringe cultural norms and values but do not violate any written law; for instance, lying is considered by most individuals as wrong but is not against the law, unless while under oath in a court of law. As individuals even if we disagree with them we are required to abide by societies norms, values and laws. It is useful to think of deviance as a wide category of which crime is smaller part (sociology in perspective, p583) Individuals construct and learn how to fit into society through socialization within our cultures. Correct behavior, or norms and values, are learned through interaction with our family, peers and institutions, such as the education system. Norms are socially acceptable ways of behaving in any given situation, such as knowing we should be quiet in libraries. Values are the fundamental beliefs which underpin a community or society and provide the general principles for human behavior, such as the belief that stealing is wrong; as in the case of stealing, values often become laws. These norms and values and therefore behaviours considered deviant vary widely throughout history, societies, communities and cultures. For example, while one family may overlook belching at the dinner table another may be disgusted by such behavior. Moreover in Chinese culture belching during dinner is considered good manners and a sign of appreciation of the meal, Kwintessential [online]. Therefore, how behavior is regarded depends on the perspective of the people concerned. According to Becker from the perspective of Labelling Theory, no actions are by nature criminal or deviant but instead depends on the norms created by any given society. Therefore, deviance is only deviance if labelled as such through the process of interaction in which meaning is established (Sociology in perspective, pg 604). An example of this idea of labeling is public nudity; overall it is not wrong to be nude but society imposes strict rules on nudity in public places. If brave enough to go nude in publ ic you can be certain that the reactions of others would support this theory. In contrast some tribal communities such as those found in South America and Africa still dress in very little and would react little to public nudity. The idea that killing is wrong, as a fundamental human value, is a good example of how relative our belief systems are. Throughout history cultures such as the Aztecs carried out human sacrifice for their religious beliefs mnsu.edu [on line] and the religious sacrifice of animals still happens in some tribal communities today. Norms and values can become distorted and individuals may resort to stealing or even killing if there is a breakdown of norms, values or regulations. This breakdown of values shows in such cases as mercy killings and assisted suicides; individuals experience feelings of turmoil over their fundamental values and beliefs. There is much debate on the subject of assisted suicide being made legal in Britain, as is the case in countries such as Switzerland and the Netherlands, ask.com [online]. Also stealing is considered wrong by most individuals but again these values are easily distorted, as in the case of hurricane Katrina, Wikipedia [online]. Individuals, who had never stolen, were doing so because they were not able to attain essentials such as food and water, and it was not clear if the normal rules applied. Emile Durkheim, the Emile Durkheim Archive [online] investigated this breakdown and lack of social and moral norms and defined the term anomie. Individuals can deviate involuntarily as well as deliberately; for instance, those suffering from disorders such as Tourettes syndrome have little control over what might be considered deviant language. Whereas someone that steals a car attains their label of deviant through their own deliberate actions Subcultures are often regarded as deviant, for example, Mormon communities live relatively peacefully within wider society yet are often assigned as deviants. In contrast, subcultures such as criminal gangs are less compatible with wider society and cause social disharmony, therefore they attain their deviant label through deliberate actions. These subcultures have their own sets of norms and values to which they abide, these may not conform to the views of wider society but they are perfectly acceptable within their own cultures. Furthermore, individuals may be considered deviant because of their beliefs or sexuality. It could be argued than most religions consider their own beliefs as right and others as wrong. Homosexuality is considered to be deviant by some religions, cultures and individuals but not by others. Until the early 20th century the Siwans of North America expected all normal males to engage in homosexual intercourse, moreover they considered those that refused to be peculiar. In contrast the Rwalar Bedouins considered homosexuality as so abnormal that they put the participants to death. Functionalists argue that we need deviance to bring about social change; for example, suffragettes of the late 19th Century went to prison for their beliefs and helped to bring about womans right to vote. In some societies today such as Saudi Arabia women still do not have voting rights, wiki answers [online]. The plight of the suffragettes could also be used to emphasize a fundamental issue raised by Marxists which is, crime is the product of inadequate social conditions (Sociology in Perspective pg 608) The study of crime and sociology together seeks to understand why some individuals turn to crime and how society as a whole can prevent it. There are many types of crime which fall under three broad categories. The more physical crimes such as mugging and assault fall under Blue-collar crimes. Evidence shows that these types of crimes are most likely to be carried out by the lower or working classes; whereas white-collar crimes such as fraud and embezzlement are most likely to be carried out by the more affluent. Lastly, victimless crimes are crimes that are against the law, but no victim is seen to exist, such as Prostitution. Sociologist use statistics to obtain evidence that enables them to determine social trends such as those discussed above. Statistics can help to identify high crime areas which in turn may be used to help authorities such as the police service to reduce such crime. Lastly statistics are used to compile information for the public, such as advice on taking precautions against crime. However it is generally agreed that crime statistics are seriously flawed and it has been argued that they reveal more about the process and recording of crime than the extent of crime itself; the way police record incidents sometimes changes and so distorts information. The main difficulty is that statistics are derived from only reported crimes, British Crime Surveys show that only around 30% of crime is reported to the police (Sociology pg 181) therefore most crime goes unreported giving a unrealistic view of crime rates. There are many reasons that these crimes may go unreported, for example, people may not report crimes that they deem private or shameful such as domestic abuse. Sometimes a lack of faith in the police may prevent individuals from reporting crime. Also, some crimes go unnoticed, such as stealing from the workplace or drug dealing. Some crimes are more likely to be reported than others, which further distorts crime figures. Lastly, it has been argued that the poli ces own discretion on where to police, who to arrest and which category a crime fits can distort crime statistics. Consequently, statistics are difficult to interpret and questions should always be asked as to what they tell us and what other information should be considered when trying to extract valid information. Subsequently sociologists use other information to analyse the amount of crime in society. Self report studies involve confidential questionnaires that invite a sample of respondents to voluntarily record whether or not they have committed any of a list of offences in a particular time period. Those in favor of self-report studies would argue that they are a good method of determining the social characteristics of criminals but critics suggest they may be unreliable due to the participants exaggerating their answers or not admitting to committing criminal acts. Also the data may be biased as criminals may be less likely to answer questionnaires which may distort the information. It is argued that Crime Surveys or Victim Surveys provide a more accurate measurement of the level of crime in society, because they include hidden crime such as crimes that have not been reported to, or recorded by the police. Also their method of gathering data is consistent and is unaffected by changes in reporting or recording practices that can often hinder police statistics. Critics argue that Crime surveys still underestimate crime levels do to arbitrarily capping the number of crimes one can be victimized by in a given year; this capping can produce an unrealistic measurement in such cases as repeated domestic abuse. Crime surveys are also criticized for excluding under sixteens and those that live in communal establishments, such as nursing homes and university halls of residence. Lastly crime surveys fail to record crimes against victimless crimes such as drug trafficking, crimes against commercial premises or vehicles and because they are victim surveys murder and manslaug hter. Understanding crime and deviance is important as lower crime rates have positive effects on society; for example property values improve and money saved in the police or prison services could be made available for other social projects such as the education system.

Evaluative Essay on fast food restaurants Essay

Walking into some fast food restaurants can be exciting. As soon as you walk in you start to smell their prize winning food, you can feel the heat that is coming from the grills that they use to make your favorite fast foods. You can see the whole restaurant just with one look, there is always people ready to help you order your meal and fast service. That’s the quality’s every fast food restaurant should have and Burger King has all those. Burger King has many competitions from McDonalds to any other small business fast food restaurants, but I can’t seem to like any other fast food restaurant than Burger King. Other fast food restaurants might taste good but still not as good as Burger King grilled whoppers. Many fast food restaurants have their own phrase of words that they like to use like Burger King has â€Å"Have it your way† and McDonalds has â€Å"i’m lovin’ it† first McDonalds phrase word is already spelled incorrectly and doesn’t make sense. Burger Kings â€Å"Have it your way† is true because you can have it your way when you order a whopper you can pick what you want on it. Not many fast food restaurants grill their hamburgers, but Burger King does. Each Whopper you buy has the grill marks on the meet you can’t find that in any other fast food restaurants, nothing in Burger Kings is micro waved everything is grilled and cooked. In McDonalds they microwave their food so you get a saggy hamburger that breaks up when you bite on it so instead of having food in your mouth you have it all over the table. When you order something from Burger Kings menu and you look at the picture on the menu you actually do get what you see on the menu and the size of the whopper that you see is really the way it does look when you get it. Not like McDonalds has a picture of a big hamburger but you actually get a small hamburger that doesn’t fill you up at all. If you like grilled whoppers Burger King is the choice for you, because you can â€Å"Have it your way†. From grilled whoppers to good tasting french fries and onion rings that have their own special sauce, that’s Burger king for you. If you decide to go with â€Å"i’m lovin’ it† that’s your choice because  there is really nothing to love.

Summary of The Merchant of Venice Act 1, Scene 3

Act 1, Scene 3 of William Shakespeares  The Merchant of Venice opens with Bassanio and Shylock, a Jewish moneylender. Bassanio confirms his request of 3,000 ducats for three months, asserting that Antonio will guarantee this. He asks Shylock if he will give him the loan. Wanting to hear about the possible guarantor, Shylock asks if Antonio is an honest man. Bassanio takes umbrage at this and asks if he has heard otherwise. Shylock immediately says that no, he has not, but he also knows that Antonio currently has a lot of his wealth and goods at sea, making them vulnerable. Ultimately, Shylock decides that Antonio is still wealthy enough to guarantee the loan: Yet his means are in supposition: he hath an argosy bound to Tripolis, another to the Indies; I understand moreover upon the Rialto, he hath a third at Mexico, a fourth for England, and other ventures he hath, squandered abroad. But ships are but boards, sailors but men: there be land-rats and water-rats, water-thieves and land-thieves, I mean pirates, and then there is the peril of waters, winds and rocks. The man is, notwithstanding, sufficient.(Shylock; Act 1, Scene 3; Lines 17–26) Shylock resolves to take Antonio’s bond but wants to speak to him first, so Bassanio invites Shylock to dine with them. However, the Jewish Shylock, citing pork consummation, says that while he will walk with them, talk with them, and do business with them, he will not eat or pray with them. Antonio then enters and Bassanio introduces him to Shylock. In an aside, Shylock describes his great disdain for Antonio, in part for being a Christian but especially for lending out his money for free: How like a fawning publican he looks!I hate him for he is a Christian,But more, for in that low simplicityHe lends out money gratis and brings downThe rate of usance here with us in Venice.(Shylock; Act 1, Scene 3; Lines 41–45) Shylock tells Bassanio that he doesn’t think he has 3,000 ducats to give him straight away. Entering the conversation, Antonio tells Shylock that he never lends or borrows when interest is involved—he has even publicly derided Shylock in the past for doing so—but that he is willing to make an exception in this case to help a friend: Signor Antonio, many a time and oftIn the Rialto you have rated meAbout my moneys and my usances.Still have I borne it with a patent shrug(For suffrance is the badge of all our tribe).You call me misbeliever, cutthroat dog,And spet upon my Jewish gaberdine†¦...Well then, it now appears you need my help.(Shylock; Act 1, Scene 3; Lines 116–122, 124) Shylock defends his business of money lending, but Antonio tells him that he will continue to disapprove of his methods. To make the arrangement work, Antonio tells Shylock to lend the money as if they are enemies, and as such, he can punish him heavily if the money is not paid back. Shylock pretends to forgive Antonio and tells him that he will treat him as a friend and charge no interest on the loan. He adds, though, that if Antonio does forfeit, he will demand a pound of his flesh from whatever part of his body pleases him. Shylock says this seemingly in jest, but Antonio is confident that he can easily repay the loan and agrees anyway. Bassanio urges Antonio to rethink and says that he would rather not get the money than conduct a loan under such conditions. Antonio assures Bassanio that he will have the money in time. Meanwhile, Shylock reassures him as well, saying that he will gain nothing from a pound of human flesh. Still, Bassanio remains suspicious. Antonio, however, believes that Shylock has become kinder and therefore could be becoming more Christian: Hie thee, gentle Jew.The Hebrew will turn Christian; he grows kind.(Antonio; Act 1, Scene 3; Lines 190–191)

Iagos Motives in William Shakespeares The Merchant of...

Iagos Motives in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice Iago, having the typical attributes of a Machiavelli character; seems to be inherently evil. He revels in his ability to dissemble and destroy. Defending himself through constant reassurances- Iago claims to disgrace Cassio because of his `daily beauty and the fact that a `Florentine who knows nothing about battles `more than a spinster becomes lieutenant. This seems to outrage him- a spark that sets of the fire raging in his heart. As a result, he fabricates an ingenious plan- one by one he would make everyone pay. He only needed the right moment; he gains his chance as they set sail to Cyprus- an island free from the orderly social and political scene of Venice.†¦show more content†¦The plan was simple: he would get Cassio into a fight with Roderigo ad get the governor of Cyprus injured. Chaos needed to be created: after Cassio was drunk, Iago tells Roderigo to `after the lieutenant go. The effect was obvious Roderigo would wind up Cassio- and in the state that he was in- hed forget his usual gallantry. I cant believe how stupid Roderigo is in this play- I mean he follows Iago like a blind sheep- but thats another matter. Iago is built as a typical Machiavelli character- he would do anything just to get what he wants- here he acts as the puppeteer to force Cassio into a fight. During this scene, we also get to view Iagos manipulative skills first hand. He is easily able to easily manipulate Montano; crafted in the way he misrepresents Cassio making Montano conclude: `I fear the trust Othello puts him in. Throughout the whole scene it seems to me that Iago somehow knew that he would go for Othello next- perhaps he uses Roderigo, Montano and Cassio just as practice to sharpen his weapons. Little does Othello know that hes already being manipulated. Hes power to rule has been threatened- Cassio was lieutenant for Othello- his reputation meant the generals reputation. Its amazing how effortlessly; Iago weaved together the strings of disaster to create chaos and `mutiny. In addition to this, the audience become alarmed with Iagos double dealing. When questioned he pretends he doesnt know anything:Show MoreRelated Shakespeares Merchant of Venice and Othello: Shylock vs Iago2024 Words   |  9 PagesThe Merchant of Venice and Othello: Shylock vs Iago      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares use of timeless themes make his works relevant to the modern reader.   His two plays The Merchant of Venice and Othello deal with the seeking of revenge and forbidden love.   In The Merchant of Venice, Shylock, the main character, is a Jew who loans money and charges interest.   Shylock has an enemy named Antonio who also loans money to people, but without interest.   Iago is a character in Othello who has been passed