The Role and Development of Mathematics in Western Technology Essay

The Role and Development of Mathematics in Western Technology - Essay Example The current paper, basing on the James Burke’s views (Burke, â€Å"The Day the Universe Changed†), examines the influence of mathematical inventions, particularly perspective geometry, on the development of the society during the Renaissance. Manuel Chrysoloras, Byzantine scholar, was invited to present the Greek culture to the Florentines start the course of Greek in the local university in the end of the 14th century (Burke 67). Money ran Florence during that time. The place was full of commercials of different kind: accountants, merchants, bureaucrats. However, there was no aristocracy in Florence. Everyone who had power or position in the town had bought it out of his profits. Florence was dynamic republican â€Å"capitalist† company town. The same year Chrysoloras arrived, the Medici had started an international bank to lend the Florentine cash with double interest rate. They had branches all over Europe. They were successful in this activity due to their se cret weapon â€Å"double-entry bookkeeping† (Burke 61). There was no place the money could not get the possessor, but up. The problem was that there was no â€Å"up†. James Burke had in mind the material luxury, â€Å"the touch of class† that, first of all, had to be manifested in town’s architecture and dà ©cor.... Reading the Latin pre-Christian texts of poetry, rhetoric, history, and civics the Florentines began to understand that humans could live in human way without heavenly help. Hence originates the desire of the 15th century Florentines to imitate Latin style, particularly Roman remarkable architectural solutions to make their home look as fine as ancient Rome. However, they could not do all that architectural constructions like ancient triumph arches, giant columns, and domed ceilings. The abilities of the post-medieval mathematics and geometry were limited to estimate the architectural solutions. There was a sharp need in some mathematical innovations (Burke, â€Å"The Day the Universe Changed†). Before we discuss the invention of perspective geometry in the Western world, Arabic scholar Alhazen has to be mentioned. In the end of the 10th century, he was the first to explain accurately the process of visual perception and showed that the eye perceives the light reflected from t he object. Alhazen developed a complete theory of vision that was called â€Å"perspective† in the Middle Ages (Struik 72). Though, he did not use his ideas in practice, his theory received a wide recognition in Europe, where his ideas rocked the Renaissance scholars. The first precise formulation of the law of the perspective geometry is attributed to Brunelleschi. Nearly 1424, he realized that on the flatness all parallel lines strive to a single vanishing point. This mathematical principle was inspired by Paolo Toscanelli who had scrupulously studied the Alhazen works and gridded Ptolemy’s Atlas. In this respect, using an arsenal of mathematical theories to build a proper perspective, he painted on wooden panel St. John’s baptistery of Florence. To emphasize the accuracy of his

Global Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2

Global Economics - Essay Example This paper talks about two big concepts of the global economics which are Inflation and Economy of Scales. There are various reasons which may lead to increase in costs. The first reason includes the rising costs of imported raw materials possibly caused by inflation in nations that heavily rely on exports of these products. Also, a fall in value of a country’s currency in the foreign exchange markets increases the price of imported inputs of that country. The second is the rising costs of labor; this is caused by an increase in wages which exceed and enhancement in productivity. Labor intensive firms are largely affected by this cause. Firms may not be able to absorb higher wage expenditures; thus, they pass the costs to customers. As a result, the wage inflation increases the price inflation. Thirdly, the imposition of higher indirect taxes by the government. An example is the increase in the excise duty rate, VAT, standard rate or fuel duties. These taxes are charged on manufacturers who, depending on the supply for their commodities and price elasticity of demand, may decide to pass on the tax burden onto consumers. In marketing economies of scale, a bigger firm may spread its marketing and advertising budget over a great output. It may also buy its raw materials in bulk at discounted prices. In financial economies of scale, financial markets frequently consider bigger firms to be more creditworthy than smaller firms. This enables these firms to access credit facilities at favorable rates.